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APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

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Versione italiana
Academic year
2021/2022
Teacher
ANDREA BALBO
Credits
12
Didactic period
Primo semestre (primi anni)
SSD
ING-IND/22

Training objectives

The course is structured in two training modules: Fundamentals of Chemistry (I module) and Materials Technology (II module).
The course aims at providing to the students of the Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering the fundamentals of chemistry and materials science to understand of the characteristics of different classes of materials.
Also describes the properties of the main classes of materials of interest in the field of construction (eg. Cement, steel, glass, wood.) and their interaction with the environment and their durability are discussed.
The main skills acquired will be:
• Ability to understand and interpret the chemical and physical phenomena through the concepts learned during the course;
• Ability to correlate properties and behavior of a material to its microscopic structure;
• Knowledge of the main properties of materials and tests for the evaluation of their characteristics, in order to compare them during the quality control / purchase processes;
• Be aware of the importance materials selection in order to respond properly to design requirements;
• Knowledge of the methods of production and of the principal applications of materials for civil and building purposes and of the degradation phenomena that may affect their properties.

Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of mathematic and infinitesimal analysis.

Course programme

The course is divided in two modules which provide 60 hours of teaching each for a total of 120 hours. The lessons includes frontal lectures and numerical exercitations related to the contents taught.
1st module (60 hours of frontal lessons): Fundamentals of Chemistry
Introduction to structure of atoms and molecules (15 hours)
Nature of the chemical processes, materials and energy; definitions. Description of atomic and molecular structure The quantization of energy, Bohr model, structure of the atom, atomic orbitals, electron atoms, Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, Pauli exclusion principle, electronic structure and periodic table, electronegativity and electron affinity. Molecules and description of the various types of bonds: ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond, hydrogen bond, molecular interactions. Examples.
Description of states of matter (10 hours)
Gaseous state. Properties and gas laws. Ideal gases and applications, gas mixtures. Real gas.
Liquid state. Formation of condensed phases, viscosity and surface tension.
Solid state. Structure of solids, classification of solids, ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent solids. Examples.
Thermodynamics (15 hours)
First principle. State functions, internal energy U, enthalpy H, heat capacity. Standard states. Enthalpy of chemical transformations, reaction enthalpy, standard enthalpy.
Second principle. Spontaneous transformations, reversible and irreversible processes. Gibbs free energy: free energy of reaction, chemical and physical explanation. Examples.
Chemical equilibrium and State diagrams (15 hours)
Nature of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, the principle of Le Chatellier, Gibbs free energy and equilibrium. Gas phase equilibrium, solution equilibrium, acids and bases. Status changes. Phase transformation. Solutions. Solubility product, Colligative properties, state diagrams, binary mixtures, component state diagrams.
Electrochemistry (5 hours)
Electrochemical and electrolytic solutions. Thermodynamics, Nernst equation, cell and half-cell potential, standard potentials. Electrochemical series. Galvanic cells and electrolytic and their technological aspects with examples. Fuel Cells.
2st module (60 hours of frontal lessons ): Materials technology
Introduction. Introduction to the course and recall of chemistry. Crystal structure, Amorphous and semi-crystalline structure. The properties of materials. The density. Stress-strain curve. Ductile and brittle fracture. Resilience, Charpy test. Influence of temperature on the mechanical properties. Compression test. Bending test. Hardness test. Thermal proprieties. The ceramic materials. The traditional ceramics: raw materials. and production method. Air and hydraulic binders. Chalk and Lime. Portland cement. Pozzolanic cement. Blast-furnace cement. Aluminous cement. Measurements of the mechanical resistance of a cement. cement paste solidification time measurement. Cement durability. The concrete. Aggregates. Properties of fresh hardened concrete. The glass., Types of glass. Durability of the glass. Physical and chemical quenching. Glass-ceramics. Polymeric materials. Amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers. Polymerization reactions. Chains length and architecture of the chains. Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Mechanical behavior and mechanisms of deformation. Degree of crystallinity. The metallic materials. State diagrams. Substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. Mechanisms of reinforcement. Fe-C diagram.. TTT curves for eutectoid Fe-C alloy. Steels: classification, Cor-Ten stainless steels, notes on cast irons. The iron corrosion in an aqueous environment. Corrosion of a steel reinforcement in concrete. Corrosion prevention.

Didactic methods

The course is organized as follows:
• theoretical lectures on all topics with the help of slides available on the website of the course: http://www.unife.it/ing/civile/insegnamenti/chimica-applicata-e-tecnologia-dei-materiali/materiale-didattico;
• numerical exercises on topics covered during the theoretical lectures.

Learning assessment procedures

The aim of the exam is to verify at which level the learning objectives previously described have been acquired.
The exam is divided into two partial written tests which take place on different dates. The final mark takes into account both examinations. During exams it is only allowed to use calculators and the periodic table; the students are advised to bring a photo ID.
¿ The First Partial Test focuses on the programme of the 1st module - Fundamentals of Chemistry
The examination consists of a partial WRITTEN TEST that includes 5 questions (3 questions about theoretical lectures and 2 exercises).
¿ The Second Partial Test focuses on the programme of the 2nd module - Materials Technology.
The examination consists of a WRITTEN TEST including 5 questions: 1 about material properties, 2 about ceramic materials (traditional ceramics, binders and glass), 2 about metals (state diagrams, steels, corrosion) and polymer materials.
¿ Access to the Second Partial Test:
The students will have access to the Second Partial Test only with a score of at least 15 point out of 30 in the First Partial Test.
¿ Validity of the score of the First Partial Test:
The score of the First Partial Test will have validity for the 3 exam sessions, including the exam session in which the First Partial Test has been passed with the required score (at least 15 point out of 30).

Reference texts

1st module: Fundamentals of Chemistry

-Teacher’s handouts available on the website of the course: http://www.unife.it/ing/civile/insegnamenti/chimica-applicata-e-tecnologia-dei-materiali/materiale-didattico;
-Chimica Moderna, D. W. Oxtoby, H.P. Gillis, A. Campion, – EdiSES

Specific topics can be further developed in the following texts:
•Principi di Chimica, P. Atkins, L. Jones – ZANICHELLI
•Chimica generale, Principi ed applicazioni moderne, Petrucci, Herring, Madura, Bissonnette, Piccin Editore
•Chimica generale, Esercizi Svolti, (Petrucci, Herring, Madura, Bissonnette, Piccin) Editore
•Chimica generale, Soluzione degli esercizi, Petrucci, Herring, Madura, Bissonnette, Piccin Editore
•Chimica. Esercizi e casi Pratici P. D'Arrigo, A. Formulari et alt. EDISES
•Stechiometria, R. Breschi, A. Massagli, – ETS Libri
•Calcoli Stechiometrici, P.Michelin Lausarot , G. A. Vaglio – PICCIN

2st module: Materials technology

-Teacher’s handouts available on the website of the course: http://www.unife.it/ing/civile/insegnamenti/chimica-applicata-e-tecnologia-dei-materiali/materiale-didattico.
-W. D. Callister, D. G. Rethwisch: “Materiali per l’ingegneria civile ed industriale” , Edises, Napoli.
-V. A. Rossetti “Il Calcestruzzo, materiali e tecnologia”. Mcgraw-Hill, Milano.
-B. Marchese : “Tecnologia dei materiali e chimica applicata”. Liguori Ed. Napoli.

Specific topics can be further developed in the following texts:
-M. Collepardi: “Scienza e tecnologia del calcestruzzo”. Hoepli, Milano.
-P. Pedeferri, L. Bertolini: “La corrosione nel calcestruzzo e negli ambienti naturali”. Mcgraw-Hill. Milano.
-Leno Matteoli: Il diagramma di stato ferro-carbonio e le curve TTT. Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia. Milano.