PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2018/2019
- Teacher
- CLARA ARMAROLI
- Credits
- 6
- Didactic period
- Primo Semestre
- SSD
- GEO/04
Training objectives
- The course represents the first and only teaching of Elements of Geology and Geomorphology and it includes several topics of the Earth Sciences.
The main aim of the course is to provide the students with the fundamental knowledge of the Earth Sciences and to favour the comprehension of the processes that constitute their basis. Specifically, the primary scope of the course is to favour the learning of the mechanisms of the Earth formation, endogenous processes, formation and modification of rocks, exogenous processes and how they are able to shape the landscape, major natural risks and the climate change. Theoretic information will always be introduced side by side to examples. Examples are useful to understand the theory that was, in fact, derived from direct observations of natural processes and/or of their effects on the territory and, therefore, they are important to learn the complexity and interconnection of natural phenomena.
The main achievements will be:
Basic knowledge of endogenous processes and how they led the Earth formation, the past formation and modification of rocks and how they still continue to evolve;
Main methods for the macroscopic identification and recognition of rocks;
Knowledge of major natural processes that shaped the landscape in the past and how nowadays they are able to model the territory, on the land surface and in the underground, at the boundary between the land and the sea and, finally, on the ocean floor.
Knowledge of the key techniques and technologies to study, observe and monitor earth-surface phenomena and the processes that occur deep into the Earth structure;
Basic information to deal with climate change topics.
The key skills (i.e. how to apply the obtained knowledge) will be:
Capability to identify the rocks from a macroscopic point of view, how the rocks are related to the paleo-environment of formation and to the present endogenous and exogenous processes;
Understanding the interconnection between the numerous phenomena that are responsible of the Earth formation. Comprehension of the present natural processes that are capable to influence the environment we live in;
Capability to observe the territory from a point of view that is competent and critical at the same time, to deeply understand natural processes and how much they are in close relation to each other;
Acquire a better awareness of which are the drivers of political decisions with respect to environmental themes;
Comprehend the main natural risks and how much they are linked to human actions. Prerequisites
- None. However, it is beneficial to know some basic concepts of inorganic chemistry as well as physics.
Course programme
- The course provides 60 hours, distributed between class teaching and exercitations.
1. General geology, mechanisms of rocks formation and modification, macroscopic rocks characteristics (20 hours between class teaching and exercises)
Mechanisms of Earth formation, volcanism, plate tectonics, folds and faults, igneous rocks (intrusive and effusive) and sedimentary rocks. Macroscopic identification of rock samples and application of the methodologies to identify and recognise each type of rock.
2. The land, landslides, monitoring and stabilization of slopes, landslides in ocean and coastal areas. Thematic mapping and its importance (7 hours)
Definition of landslides and triggering mechanisms, classification of landslides (Varnes), presentation of some examples, methods for slope monitoring and stabilization, description of landslides in the marine environment, both in the deep sea and on the coast. The thematic mapping, examples of thematic maps of the Emilia-Romagna region.
3. The rivers and their evolution (7 hours)
Definition and formation of rivers, sediment transport operated by rivers, landscape evolution determined by the rivers and landforms associated with them. Deltas and estuaries, their classification and some examples.
4. Groundwater resources of fresh water (4 hours)
Elements of hydrogeology, main definitions and methods for the monitoring and study of groundwater. Effects of the over-exploitation of groundwater. The karst. Groundwater pollution. Hydrothermalism.
5. Low-sandy beaches and shore protection (5 hours)
Definition of low-sandy coasts, the morphodynamic classification and definition of the main parameters associated with the waves and the characteristics of the beach. The tides. Spits and barrier islands, salt marshes. Methods for shore monitoring and protection.
6. Elements of marine geology and oceanography (2 hours)
Marine geology, with particular reference to the mechanisms of formation of submerged landforms, slope and submarine canyons. Elements of Oceanography (thermohaline circulation, the Ekman spiral, upwelling and downwelling).
7. Elements of remote sensing (5 hours)
Definitions of the key remote sensing techniques, examples of practical applications in different environmental contexts and for different purposes. Specific examples of application to the monitoring of the coastal area.
8. Glaciers (2 hours)
Definitions, movement of glaciers and their capability of shaping the territory, observation of landscape forms to reconstruct the movements of the glaciers at the time of the glaciations.
9. Climate change (5 hours)
Components of the "Earth system" that affect the climate, el Nino and La Nina, the ice ages, human action that control the climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain and the carbon cycle. Sea level rise and estimates of the last IPCC report. The risks associated with climate change.
10. Earthquakes (3 hours)
Definitions, seismic waves, intensity and magnitude scales, the seismic moment and the magnitude moment, focal mechanisms, the 2012 earthquake in Emilia-Romagna. Didactic methods
- The course is organized as follows:
• lectures on all subjects;
• exercises to define and recognize macroscopically rock samples through the application of the methods to recognize the rocks. Learning assessment procedures
- The scope of the examination is to test the level of achievement of the learning objectives described above. The exam aims also at verifying the student's ability to relate the acquired information into an overview.
The exam consists of a written test and, if necessary (see below) an oral exam.
The written test is divided into two parts:
A part of recognition and description of a rock sample. The test will be evaluated in terms of “pass” or “not passed”, which means that, if the sample recognition will be done properly, the student will be assigned a “pass”, otherwise the test will be considered as “not passed”.
The “pass” evaluation will be assigned to the student who will fulfill all the three below requirements:
1) Porperly identify the name of the rock sample;
2) Describe in detail the macroscopic characteristics of the rock sample;
3) Define and describe in detail the probable environment of formation of the rock sample.
A second written test with five questions on all the other course contents (point 1 to 10 of the "course contents" section). The maximum grade is 30/30. The test is passed if the student achieves the minimum grade of 18/30.
Conditions to pass the exam
To pass the exam the student must obtain both a “pass” and a minimum score of 18 out of 30 in the second part of the written test. The final grade is the grade obtained in the second written test, if sufficient.
In the correction phase, the professor will assign the laude if, and only if, the student gets 30/30 in the second part of the written test, fulfills in an excellent way the three requirements to get the "pass" in the recognition of the rock sample and, simultaneously, demonstrates that he/she fully understands the course topics and how they are in relation to each other. Therefore, it will be rewarded with the laude the student who, in addition to demonstrating the acquisition of the basic knowledge, will be able to provide examples and reasoning to make cross-connections between the topics covered during the course, as highlighted in the “learning objectives” section.
If one of the two parts of the written test is “not passed” or insufficient, the student will have to take an oral exam, based only on the contents of the part of the written test not passed.
Two different situations may occur:
1) If the first test is “passed” but the second one is insufficient, the final grade will be the grade obtained through the oral exam, if sufficient;
2) If the first test is “not passed” and the second one is sufficient, the final grade will be the grade obtained in the second written test that will be registered online when the student will get a “pass” in the oral exam on the recognition of a rock sample.
If the oral examination is not sufficient or "not passed", the sufficent or "passed" part of the written test will be valid until the end of the winter session of exams (February). If the student will not pass the oral exam by February, the sufficent or passed part of the written test will be canceled and the student will have to take an oral exam on the whole program of the course.
If both tests are insufficient, the student will have to take an oral exam on the whole program of the course.
If the student refuses the grade obtained in the second written test albeit sufficient, he/she will have to take an oral exam on the whole program of the course, including the recognition of a rock sample.
The rules to assign the laude in the oral exam are the same applied to the written test.
NB: Who does not pass and/or take the written test will have to take only oral exams based on the course contents of the academic year in which the student was supposed to attend the course. Reference texts
- Notes provided by the teacher (pdf files of the lessons) and notes taken during classes. The most updated references in the scientific literature will be provided in order to deepen specific topics.
Reference books are:
• PRESS F., SIEVER R., GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T. H. (2006), Capire la terra, Seconda edizione italiana condotta sulla quarta edizione americana, Zanichelli Editore, Bologna.
• GROTZINGER J. , JORDAN T. H. (2016), Capire la terra, Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana, Zanichelli Editore, Bologna
