HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2021/2022
- Teacher
- CARLO VERONESI
- Credits
- 6
- Didactic period
- Secondo Semestre
- SSD
- BIO/09
Training objectives
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: The goal of the course is to give to students a complete and integrate vision of the human apparatus functions and the principles of clinical biochemistry
SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY:
The basic goal of the present program of neural science is to understand how we move. We looked into the motor behaviour following four basic steps.
1-How cells in the Nervous System and muscles are able to generate and to carry signals over long distance and how the electrical signal is transmitted and integrated between excitable cells
2-Functions of Spinal Cord and Brain Stem.
3-Functions of Sensory and Motor Systems.
4-Cognitive functions: Language, learning, memory, and emotions.
These steps will allow to achieve a unified scientific approach to the study psychiatric diseases, clinical neurology and rehabilitation
At the end of the course the student should have acquired a synthetic and clear understanding of mechanisms of the perception and motor control that are essential to address critical professional matters. Prerequisites
- Knowledge of human anatomy. First principles of microscopic anatomy, of inorganic, organic and biological chemistry. First principles of physics.
Course programme
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: Physiology of heart and circulation: vascular system and principles of hemodynamics; the heart as a pump; the electrical activity of the heart and its control; normal circulatory function and its regulation. Capillary circulation and exchange of materials.
Endocrine glands: pituitry gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal cortex, endocrine functions of the pancreas, menstrual cycle.
Body temperature regulation.
Respiration: mechanical aspects of respiration, transport of oxigen and carbon dioxide by the blood. nervous and chemical control of respiration at rest.
Physiology of the kidney: body water and fluid compartments. Structure of the kidney, formation of plasma ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus, tubular function, renal control of body water and salt, renal regulation of acid-base balance, renal clearance.
SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY: Physiological basis of cell excitability: Ion channels and carriers; the resting potential, the action potential and the refractory period. Orthodromic and antidromic action potential propagation. Synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and neuromuscular plate. The synaptic integration. Anatomo-functional organization of the nervous system. Coding of sensory information. The bodily senses: touch and pain. Organization of the afferent pathways. Brief on anatomy and physiology of the Thalamus. Organization of the somatic sensory cortex. The physiological basis of vision and the perception of sounds. The external and middle ear, the cochlea and the cochlear implants. The auditory nerve and the central auditory pathways. Mechanisms of the Time and Interaural level sensitivity. The Medial Geniculate. The Auditory cortex and the highest stages of the Auditory pathway. The Human Language and language disorders. Aphasias: clinical approach and neuroimaging studies.
Motor control. The motor unit and muscle action. Spinal reflexes. The spinal shock and recover of spinal reflexes. Muscle tone. The vestibular system and vestibular reflexes. Brief on eye movements. Integration of neck and vestibular reflexes. The posture and supra-segmental mechanisms of its control. Locomotion. Organization of voluntary movement and functions of motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum. The basal ganglia. Didactic methods
- Lectures.
Learning assessment procedures
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: Written exam consisting of 90 true / false questions aimed to assess the student's preparation and reasoning skills acquired. The exam covers topics of the lectures.
The test will be evaluated as well: correct answer +0.33 points; wrong answer -0.15 points; answer not given 0 points. Students will have 60 minutes to carry out the test.
SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY: Oral exam, lasting an average of 20 minutes. Will be evaluated the correctness, completeness of the answer, exhibit clarity.
Weight average of the marks of the tests taken. Reference texts
- HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
C.L. Stanfield, Fisiologia, EdiSES, 2004.
SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY:
Fabbro, F., Le neuroscienze: dalla fisiologia alla clinica. Carocci Editore.
Neuroscienze, Purves et al., Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
Neuroscienze, Bear et al., Edra Masson
Fisiologia Medica a cura di F. Conti, Edi-Ermes, seconda edizione
Fisiologia e Biofisica Medica a cura di F. Baldissera, Poletto editore, seconda edizione
Berne-Levy, Principi di Fisiologia, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
