HUMAN ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2021/2022
- Teacher
- DANIELA MILANI
- Credits
- 7
- Didactic period
- Primo Semestre
Training objectives
- HUMAN ANATOMY and SPECIAL ANATOMY
Acquire the essential notions on organs and systems of the human body, and achieve a detailed morphological and functional knowledge of the musculoskeletal system. Also acquire the basic notions of central and peripheral nervous system, both anatomically and functionally, and achieve a detailed understanding of sensory and motor innervation of the trunk and limbs. At the end of the course the students should possess the anatomical basis required by their professional profile and know how to functionally adapt the acquired knowledge of the anatomical structures in the practical context of muscular, skeletal and nervous systems.
HISTOLOGY
Acquire the essential elements of the structure of human tissues, of the relationships between the different tissue domains and the integration between morphology and function. At the end of the course the student will know how to correlate the fine structure and the functional activity of the muscular, skeletal and nervous tissues. Prerequisites
- Basic notions of physics, chemistry, cytology
Course programme
- HUMAN ANATOMY
Terms of position and movement. Regions and systems of the human body. Superficial fascia, deep fascia. Integumentary system. Cardiovascular system. Heart, vasculature of the heart tissue, conduction system and innervation. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, arteries and veins, hepatic portal circulation. General information on the lymphatic system: lymph and interstitial fluid, lymph vessels and lymph nodes. Respiratory system: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Pleura and their role in respiration. Digestive system. Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver. Peritoneum. Urinary system. Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Genital system: basic notions on the gonads and the reproductive apparatus of male and female.
ANATOMY OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
Appendicular and axial skeleton. Joints. Vertebral column and muscles of the back. Neck: cervical column and main muscles. Chest wall: ribs, sternum, thoracic column, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Thoracic apertures. Respiratory movements. Abdominal wall. Lumbar column, posterior and antero-lateral muscles. Pelvic floor and perineum. Upper limb. Thoracic girdle, axilla, arm, cubital region, forearm, hand. Lower limb. Pelvic girdle, thigh, popliteal region, leg and foot. Detailed description of bones, joints and muscles and anatomo-functional correlations of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, ankle and foot.
NEUROANATOMY
Organization of the central nervous system and its development. Brain topography. Main components of the brain. Encephalic and spinal meninges. Production, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vasculature of the brain and spinal cord. Blood-brain barrier.
- Sensory Systems.Innervation of the skin, muscles and joints. Spinal reflexes. Dorsal columns and anterolateral pathways. Somatotopy. Thalamus and cortical projections. Basic notions on the visual and auditory systems.
- Motor Systems. Descending pathways. Medial and lateral pathways. Basic notions on the vestibular system and vestibular reflexes. Cerebellum. Functional connections of the vestibulo-cerebellum, spino-cerebellum and cerebro-cerebellum. Cerebellar cortex. Basal ganglia and main functional circuits. Internal capsule.
- Integrative Systems. Principles of visceral innervation. Autonomic nervous system. Neuroendocrine system. Hypothalamus. Basic notion on the limbic system.
- Somatic Peripheral Nervous System. Overview of the cranial nerves. Spinal nerves. Cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses. Innervation of the body wall. Detailed distribution of the motor and sensory nerves of the upper and lower extremities.
HISTOLOGY
Epithelial tissues. Classification, structure and function. Connective tissue proper: the cells, the fibrillar and amorphous extracellular matrix. Loose and dense connective tissue. Adipose tissue cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage. Articular cartilage. Bone tissue. Non-lamellar and lamellar bone (spongy and compact): Endosteum and periosteum. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The blood: formed elements and plasma. Nervous tissue. The neuron, the cellular extensions (dendrites and neuritis) and the synapse. The nerve fiber: the myelin. The nerve (epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium): structure and function. Neuroglial cells: structure, location and function. Skeletal muscle: the skeletal muscle fiber cells. The contraction of the muscle fiber. Organization of muscle: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium. Red and white muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle: structure and function. Cardiac fiber cells. Didactic methods
- lectures
Learning assessment procedures
- HUMAN ANATOMY: oral exam consisting of 2-3 questions about topics of the course.
SPECIAL ANATOMY: oral exam consisting of 2-3 questions about topics of the course.
HISTOLOGY: oral exam consisting of 4-6 questions related to the course topics.
The final grade, out of thirty, is derived from the weighted average of the three modules of the course, namely: Anatomy (3/7), Special Anatomy (3/7) and Histology (1/7). Globally, it will be assessed whether the student has reached the appropriate knowledge and the ability to integrate the core notions of the course. Also the knowledge and appropriate use of the scientific terminology will be assessed. Reference texts
- ANATOMIA UMANA e ANATOMIA SPECIALE
Ambrosi et al., Anatomia dell'uomo, Casa editrice Edi-Ermes
H. Fritsch, W. Platzer, W. Kahle, M. Frotscher, Atlante tascabile ( 3 volumi), Casa editrice Ambrosiana
W. J. Hendelman, Atlante di neuroanatomia funzionale, Casa editrice Ambrosiana
F.H. Netter, Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Casa editrice Masson
ISTOLOGIA
Bibliografia essenziale:
S. Adamo et al. "ISTOLOGIA per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie" Edidore Piccin, Padova
