HUMAN ANATOMY
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2018/2019
- Teacher
- DANIELA MILANI
- Credits
- 9
- Didactic period
- Secondo Semestre
- SSD
- BIO/16
Training objectives
- After completing the course the student should know the shape and structure of the main organs of the apparatus of the human body, with particular reference to the systems involved in the mechanisms that allow and regulate the motor activity. This basic knowledge will allow students to understand the correlations between the structures of the human body and its functions and functional mechanisms that enable communication, control and integration of body functions.
Prerequisites
- Basic notions of cytology, biology and histology (the basics of histology will be provided as part of the same Anatomy course).
Course programme
- Regions and systems of the human body. Anatomical position and terminology, Descriptive sections and planes. Movements.
Connective tissue: Properly known; bone, cartilage; General information on the skeletal muscle tissue; Epithelial tissues: classification structure and function. Nervous tissue: structure and classification of neurons and Synapses. Glia cells classification and functions: Gray and white matter. General information on the Integumentary System: skin, Superficial and Deep Fasciae. Cardiovascular system: Heart: morphology, location, external and internal configuration, structure of the heart wall, conduction system; vascularization and innervation; Vases: General characteristics of the arteries, capillaries and veins; Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation; Aorta: course; main branches; Veins cava upper and lower; azygos system and portal vein system. General notions on the lymphatic system and lymphatic circulation. Respiratory system: Respiratory tract, lung, pleura and respiratory mechanics. Endocrine system: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal and Pancreas endocrine component. Digestive system: Oral cavity, pharynx , esophagus, stomach, intestines. Liver and pancreas. Peritoneum. Urinary system: Kidneys and urinary tract (ureters, bladder and urethra).
LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
Appendicular and axial skeleton and muscles; Bones: morphological classification, structure and functions.
General on the joints: Fibrus; Cartilaginous and Synovial joints. Generalities on skeletal muscles.Accessory organs of muscles and tendons: bands, sheaths, bags
Trunk: Vertebral column and muscles of the back. Neck Wall: Neck muscles. Bands of the neck. Thorax Wall: Skeleton of the chest and its organizational structure. Muscles; Diaphragm. Respiratory Mechanics. Abdomen Wall: Abdominal muscles and related bands. Pelvis: Skeleton and pelvic floor.
Upper limb: Thoracic girdle, axilla, arm, cubital region, forearm and hand. Lower Limb: Pelvic girdle, thigh, popliteal fossa, leg and foot. Skeleton, joints and muscles.
HEAD: Neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Exterior view of articulated skull. Inside view of articulated skull. The cranial fossae. Encephalic meninges, venous sinuses of the dura mater, Subarachnoid space, cerebrospinal fluid (Production, circulation and reabsorption). Vasculature of the brain. Blood-brain barrier.
NEUROANATOMY: Generality of the Nervous System: Anatomical classification: Central and peripheral nervous system; Brain topography. Main components of brain. Functional classification: the somatic nervous system and autonomic / Ortho and parasympathetic systems.
Development of the central and peripheral nervous system. Sensory Systems. Receptors, innervation of the skin, of the muscle and joints. Spinal cord: general organization and reflexes activated in the spinal cord. Spinal nerves and plexuses. Brainstem: general organization and gray matter involved in motor control. Reticular and vital centers in the brain stem. Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus. Thelencephalon: Cerebral hemispheres, structure and functional outline of the cerebral cortex. Basal ganglia and motor activity. Cerebellum: morphological, functional and phylogenetic description. Cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei. Functional connections of the vestibule-cerebellum, spino-cerebellum and cerebro-cerebellum.
Sensory pathways (dorsal columns and antero-lateral systems). Motor systems. Descending somatic pathways. Medial and lateral motor systems. Visceral innervation: Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic); Neuroendocrine system; Hypothalamus. Basic notion of the limbic system.
Somatic peripheral nervous system, overview of the cranial nerves; spinal nerves and cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses. Innervation of the body wall. Detailed innervation and distribution of the motor and sensory nerves of the upper and lower extremities. Didactic methods
- The course is organized as lectures using power point presentations and visual aids.
The course also provides theoretical and practical activity, organized for all students, in small groups, to improve the knowledge of anatomy with the help of anatomical models. Learning assessment procedures
- The exam is written with 33 multiple choice questions that cover all topics of the program. Each question has 4 or 5 answers of which only one is correct. The score of the answers questions correctly is one. The questions not answers or wrong answers are worth zero. The exam duration is 60 minutes. To overcome le exam the student must obtain a minimum score of 18.
Reference texts
- Anatomia Umana, Fondamenti, Edi-ermes
Martin , Anatomia Umana, EdiSES
Tortora , PRINCIPI di Anatomia Umana, Ambrosiana
McKinley, Anatomia Umana, Piccin
Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Piccin
Prometheus: Atlante di Anatomia; Ed. EdiSES
Prometheus: Testo Atlante di Anatomia Umana; Vol. Anatomia Generale e Apparato Locomotore; Ed. EdiSES
