PATHOLOGIES CONNECTED TO MOTOR ACTIVITY
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2019/2020
- Teacher
- MARCO CONTOLI
- Credits
- 13
- Didactic period
- Primo Semestre
Training objectives
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
This course aims to provide knowledge on the basics of endocrine and metabolic mechanisms in response to physical activity, on the endocrine and metabolic consequences of sports, on principles of exercise prescription in diabetic subjects.
MEDICAL GENETICS
Understanding the basic concepts of formal and molecular genetics. Study of diseases with impaired movement and studying the implications that genetic factors can have on athletic performance.
DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
Provide the theoretical basis for general relating to the role played from the motor activity in the treatment and prevention of some common conditions of the musculoskeletal system failure that characterize adulthood, old age and developmental age and of some traumatic diseases frequently finding in sport
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
The course will provide the basis for the understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur in the cardiorespiratory system during physical exercise. The effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (asthma and COPD) and chronic heart diseases (ischemic heart disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease) on exercise capacity will be presented. Also, the advantages of an adapted and controlled physical exercise program in such patients will be discussed. Finally the students will acquire the basic knowledge for exercise capacity evaluation through standardized methods and to set an adapted and controlled exercise program in patients with chronic cardio-respiratory diseases. Prerequisites
- Background knowledge in anatomy, biology, physiology and physiopathology of the endocrine system; background knowledge in biochemistry and clinical biochemistry
Knowledge of concepts of cellular and molecular biology, mainly related to structural and functional characteristics of DNA.
Knowledge of chemistry and biochemistry. Knowledge of anatomy and human physiology of the muscle- skeletal and cardiorespiratory apparatus. To be admitted to the exam of Diseases sensitive to motor activity is necessary to have passed the exam of Physiology. Course programme
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
Endocrine responses and endocrine system organization. Diabetes mellitus and exercise.Endocrine and metabolic basis of training programs for reducing adipose mass and modify lipid profile. Anabolic effects of insulin in athletes. Thyreotroph axis regulation. Thyroid hormones mechanism of action and biosynthesis. Hypo- and hyper-thyroidism. Exercise in patients with thyroid disease. Regulation and physiopathology of somatotroph axis: Metabolic regulation of GH in association with exercise. Metabolic substrates and GH secretion. GH and exercise. Main diseases of somatotroph axis: growth hormone excess and deficit. GH doping. Regulation and physiopathology of corticotroph axis: Glucocorticoids and exercise. Glucocorticoid excess and deficit. Exercise and adrenal disease. Gonadotroph axis regulation in male and in female. Sex steroid hormone mechanism of action. Exercise and gonadal axis. Amenorrhea and reproductive disorders in athletes. Hypogonadism. Sex steroid hormone doping. Puberty.
MEDICAL GENETICS
Brief review of some concepts of molecular genetics: definition of locus, gene, allele, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, gene and chromosomal mutations and some examples of associated disorders. Mendelian transmission of hereditary traits and family trees.
Genetic diseases associated with movement disorders: ataxias, chorea, athetosis, dystonias, tremors, tics, duchenne and Becker dystrophies. Genetic polymorphisms and sports performance: polymorphisms of ACE and ACTN3 genes. Inherited channelopathies that have an impact on sport performance: ion channel mutations that cause heart rhythm disturbances (bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias). Examples of channelopathies: Long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Substances and doping methods banned in sport: blood doping, chemical doping and gene doping. Gene therapy to gene doping: use of viral and non-viral vectors and in vivo and ex vivo methods for inserting genetic material in humans. Candidate genes for gene doping in sports.
DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
Sports Traumatology
Joint, knee, ankle, hip, hip, shoulder, spine, muscle and tendon pathologies
Degenerative and evolutive diseases. Arthrosis. Osteoporosis
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Respiratory function: pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange
Lung function evaluation: spirometry. Respiratory failure: definition and causes
Dyspnea: definition, measurement and causes. Bronchial asthma. Asthma and Exercise
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and physical activity
Assessment of exercise capacity and rehabilitative programs in patients with chronic respiratory diseases
Functional anatomy of the heart
How physical activity affects the cardiovascular risk
Physical activity and ischemic heart disease. Physical activity and high blood pressure. Management of cardiovascular emergencies in the gym. Didactic methods
- Frontal lessons
Learning assessment procedures
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
The aim of the exam is to verify at which level the learning objectives previously described have been acquired, by an oral test lasting about 20 minutes with 3 questions, that will evaluate the acquired knowledge. In addition, the test will evaluate the capacity of connecting the acquired notions. To pass this test it is required to get at least 18 points out of 30.
MEDICAL GENETICS
Written exam with 2 open questions. For each answer is possible to write two-sided A4. Each answer can be worth up to 15 points. Available time: 1 hour.
DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
An oral test of an average duration of twenty minutes. The test consists of a preliminary part with one or two questions from practitioners supporting practical activities, followed by a part by the professor. The overall assessment will take into account the quality of the answers to all the questions.
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Written exam. Students will be asked to address two questions concerning respiratory and cardiology topics discussed and presented during the course.
The evaluation of the exam will consider the completeness of the responses and how the student is able to demonstrate the acquisition of specific professional skills related to the topics.
The final grade is an arithmetic average of the marks obtained in each test. Reference texts
- ENDOCRINOLOGY
Lenzi A., Lombardi G., Martino E., Trimarchi F., Endocrinologia e attività motorie, Elsevier Ed.
Lenzi A., Dondero F., D'Armiento M., Guida allo studio dell'Endocrinologia, Società Editrice Universo
M. Cappa, Endocrinologia dell’esercizio fisico, UTET
MEDICAL GENETICS
Bruno Dallapiccola, Giuseppe Novelli, Genetica Medica Essenziale, 2006
B. A. Pearce, Genetica, Ed. Zanichelli 2005
Material provided by the teacher: slides object of the lessons.
DISEASES OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS and RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Materials provided by the teacher
