APPLIED PETROGRAPHY
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2022/2023
- Teacher
- CARMELA VACCARO
- Credits
- 6
- Didactic period
- Primo Semestre
- SSD
- GEO/09
Training objectives
- This is a specific course directed to develop the main issues to the use of geomaterials in the cultural heritages, architecture, and industry. The course providing the basic knowledge on the petrographic characterization of ornamental rocks, rock aggregates, the blends for concrete, the glass, the brick, and man-made materials used on building. Specifically, the goal of course is to supply knowledge of the key techniques for the exploration the raw materials for the construction industry, for the ornamental stone industry and for the ceramic industry with insight into the technologies used in the extraction and processing of building stones and related legislation. The course provides an analysis of regulations for the certification of geo-materials. It describes the petrographic and geochemical plans for the extraction of materials consistent and inert.
The key skills and the obtained knowledge will be:
- The descriptive knowledge of the major ornamental rocks used in the Cultural Heritage and the knowledge of the main "Stone Districts" in Italy, in the Mediterranean areas and in the world.
- The ability in sampling of material used in cultural Heritage
- Basic concepts of the main methods of analysis to identify products and causes of decay in order to program the methods of protection, consolidation and cleaning. main methods for the characterization of ceramic materials and reconstruction of production technology.
- The ability to perform the main types of methods in order to classify and characterize the ornamental rocks, rock aggregates and man-made materials used on building.
- Capability to supply of raw materials for the construction industry, for the ornamental stone industry and for the ceramic industry with insight into the technologies used in the extraction and processing of building stones and related legislation .
- Acquire a better awareness of regulations for the certification of geo-materials in order to use the required analysis.
- Capability to study of painting techniques with a focus on binders and paint pigments and for the classification and certification of cements.
- Methods for the characterization of the glasses
- Classification of Colour in Painting Prerequisites
- Basic concept learned in Physics (Ist and IInd courses), in Mineralogy, in Mineralogy Laboratory and in petrography.
Course programme
- The course is structured in two parts: frontal lectures of 48 hours and guided tutorial on exercises of 10 hours:
a) Classification and certification of ornamental stone materials with mineralogical-petrographic and petro physical methods , brief history of the ornamental stone extraction activities, analysis of the problems of the mining areas and processing techniques (frontal lectures: 10 hours + practical lessons: 2 hours).
b) Analysis of Regulations adopted for analyses of geomaterials (Normal and UNI) and petrophysical characteristics (porosity, mechanical strength, workability). Relationships of physical - mechanical - petrophysical proprieties and the suitability in the use for various geomaterials in cultural heritage (frontal lectures: 4 hours).
c) Analysis of chemical composition for the mixing of cements and their influence on the physical-mechanical and technological characteristics of mortars and cements. Analysis of painting techniques and sampling methods of mortar, plaster and stucco (frontal lectures: 6 hours).
d) Italian stone sector, analysis of stone districts in different historical periods (frontal lectures: 4 hours).
e) The degradation of cultural heritage: analysis of natural causes and definition of antrophic and natural impacts. Description of physical and chemical reactions related to the various types of pollutants. Black crusts and efflorescence. Binders: chalk, kicking air, hydraulic limes, cements, concrete conglomerates (frontal lectures: 6 hours + practical lessons: 2 hours).
f) The protective, protection of stone surfaces and lithoid in the past, drying oils, natural waxes, natural resins, the current protection (frontal lectures: 4 hours)
g) Ceramic materials and brief history, classification of ceramic products, the manufacturing process, formulation of the dough, shaping, drying, cooking (frontal lectures: 6 hours)
h) Brief Historical and classification of glass, stained glass, the raw materials for the production of glass. The color of ornamental materials and paint pigments and dyes (frontal lectures: 4 hours).
i) Analytical methods (chromatographic methods, optical microscopy, physical methods, atomic spectroscopy, spectrophotometry in reflection, fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and microprobe analysis punctual energy dispersive (sem-eds), mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), mercury porosimetry (frontal lectures: 4 hours + practical lessons: 2 hours). Didactic methods
- The course is structured in 27 lessons (frontal lectures: 48 hours and guided tutorial in the labs: 6 hours)
Learning assessment procedures
- Oral examination with the objective to verify the level of knowledge concerning theoretical and practical aspects covered during the course
The learning assessment will consist of a final oral examination aims to test knowledge acquisition under the program of the course.
The exam will take place electronically on the Google Meet platform in oral form on the contents provided during the courses.
Examinations objectiveshe to test the content of the lessons and to verify the level of learning.
Oral examination consist of four questions: a) the technologies used in the extraction and processing of building stones, related legislation and certification of geo-materials; b) the classification of mortars and concretes,; c) the main methods to classify and characterize the ornamental rocks, rock aggregates and man-made materials used on building and to identify products and causes of decay in order to program the methods of protection, consolidation, cleaning and restauration; c) characterization of ceramic and glasses materials and their production technologies.
Initially it will be required to present a topic of the student's choice.
The test lasts about 30 minutes.
During the test, the consultation of texts, notes or other material is not allowed.
The use of earphones or headphones is also not permitted.
The final score, expressed in thirtieths, takes into account the skills acquired and it will assess the ability of critical, propositive and creative orientation within the themes covered during the course.
The students who have achieved excellence in all the four questions, will get with 30 cum laudeExamination test execution.
• The teacher, together with the commission, will call the students one at a time and proceed with the recognition. The student must have an identity card and University card with him, for recognition, before starting the exam in the room where the student answers there must be no other people outside the student himself and the door of the room must be closed.
• After the students have been recognized, the session is opened to all students who want to participate or attend the exam.
• During the session, the smartphone microphone must be kept off.
• You cannot leave the station during the test.
• on the walls or around the room there must be no sheets or other devices with screens, in addition to the one used to connect with the teacher;
• the student must not wear headphones or earphones, but must use the PC audio (unless otherwise instructed by the teacher);
• the student must have only a pen and paper in front of him;
• the student must not move away from the devices with screens;
• the teacher may request at any time to rotate the camera to check the surrounding environment;
• any other form of suggestion or consultation of external sources or use of devices is forbidden (unless otherwise explicitly requested by the teacher). In case of incorrect or ambiguous behavior, the teacher can suspend the exam at any time. In case of interruption of the connection, the teacher will evaluate the suspension or conclusion of the test.
Any non-compliance with the following rules and recommendations or technical problems will result in exclusion from the test and its invalidation Reference texts
- Teacher’s handouts
Specific topics can be further developed in the following texts:
Il restauro della pietra. Autori Laurenzi Tabasso Marisa, Lazzarini Lorenzo — UTET SCIENZE TECNICHE — Anno 2010 Cedam (Padova, 1986).
Scienza dei materiali e restauro. Autori Amoroso G.G., Camaiti M. 1997 Alinea Editrice (Firenze, 1997).
Pianeta Pietra Autore Primavori P. 1999Giorgio Zusi Editore (Verona, 1999)
