INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE ACCELERATORS AND DETECTORS
Academic year and teacher
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- Versione italiana
- Academic year
- 2022/2023
- Teacher
- GIANLUIGI CIBINETTO
- Credits
- 6
- Didactic period
- Secondo Semestre
- SSD
- FIS/01
Training objectives
- In this lecture series, we knowledge about the history and applications of particle accelerators and advancements in detection techniques for nuclear and particle physics, material science, medical physics, industry, and related fields will be given.
For the particle accelerators issue, key concepts will be discussed in more detail, such as the following: luminosity; brightness; longitudinal and transverse dynamics; beam transport; nonlinear dynamics and chaos; intense beams with self fields; synchrotron radiation. A discussion of current research areas and career opportunities for young researchers will be also presented.
The detector issue will be focused on advanced detection techniques such as: MPGDs, silicon detectors, particle identifications system, particle flow calorimetry, trigger and DAQ systems, as well as their applications. Simulations and software reconstruction algorithms will be also discussed. Exercise and hands-on sessions will be finally organized. Prerequisites
- Classical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativistic kinematics, basic knowledge of
passage of particles through matters. Course programme
- List of topics
I) particle accelerator issue
Introduction to the course: objectives, pre-requisites, syllabus, methodology, evaluation. Overview of the field. Review of classical mechanics, relativistic kinematics and electromagnetism.
Applications of accelerators. Nuclear and particle physics: nuclear reactions, structure of matter, new particles and new physics. Synchrotron light sources and spallation neutron sources for biology and material science. Medical diagnostics and therapy: isotope production, cancer therapy. Art, archaeology, environment: carbon
dating, elemental analysis. Industrial applications: ion implantation, precision machining, sterilization. Energy conversion: accelerator-driven systems.
Evolution of particle accelerators: electrostatic machines, cyclotrons, linacs, betatrons, synchrotrons, colliders. Weak and strong focusing. Phase stability. Synchrotron radiation. Examples of existing complexes.
Luminosity. Fixed target and collider configurations. Crossing angles. Time structure. Instantaneous vs. average vs. integrated luminosity. Invariant formulation of event rate. Typical cross sections. Experiment data taking time.
Separation of transverse and longitudinal dynamics. Longitudinal dynamics. Phase stability. Motion in phase-energy plane. Transition energy. Phase-slip factor. Synchrotron frequency. Buckets.
Accelerators as dynamical systems. Continuous and discrete descriptions. Phase-space portraits. Stable and unstable fixed points. Flows. Dissipative systems. Nonlinear and chaotic dynamics.
Transverse linear dynamics. Coupled and uncoupled systems. Coordinates. Normalized magnetic gradients. Transfer matrices. Beam transport. Stability conditions. Equations of transverse motion. Hill's equation. Courant-Snyder parameterization: amplitude (beta) functions, betatron tune. Emittance.
Dispersion. Chromaticity. Lattice imperfections. Resonances. Tune diagram. Nonlinearities in accelerators: magnet imperfections, self fields, beam-beam forces. Tune spread generation. Dynamic aperture.
Discussion of course evaluation and student final report. Seminar on a current experimental research topic (nonlinear integrable optics, quantum radiation from single confined electrons, ...). Resources for students: textbooks, accelerator schools, conferences, journals. Research opportunities.
II) particle detector issue
Introduction to the course: objectives, pre-requisites. Overview of the field. Review particle interactions.
Gas detectors: diffusions in gases; magnetic field effect; cluster counting; MPGD; detectors for high rate, high radiation; timing with gas detectors.
Silicon detectors: theory of silicon detectors; strip detectors; pixel detectors, MAPS; applications.
Taking system: momentum resolution, multiple scattering, examples of tracking systems and performance.
Calorimetry: photon detection; electromagnetic claorimeters; hadronic calorimeters; particle flow calorimeters;
Particle identification applications (Cherenkov, RICH, TOF, muon identifications, …)
Neutron detection.
Electronics, trigger and DAQ systems.
Detector applications to HEP experiments, satellite experiments, medical physics, environmental monitoring.
Simulation techniques. Elements of statistics for particle detectors; parametric and full simulations. simulations tools: Garfield, Fluka, Ansys, GEANT4. Hands-on session.
Elements of reconstruction algorithms: clustering, pattern recognitions, track finding, track fitting, kalman filter, neural networks. Didactic methods
- Lectures and exercises.
Learning assessment procedures
- Knowledge of theory and the acquired abilities will be evaluated with oral exam and written works
Reference texts
- Lectures notes and selected bibliography.
