Salta ai contenuti. | Salta alla navigazione

Strumenti personali

Agricultural Chemistry and Organic Chemistry

Academic year and teacher
If you can't find the course description that you're looking for in the above list, please see the following instructions >>
Versione italiana
Academic year
2022/2023
Teacher
SILVIA RITA STAZI
Credits
12
Didactic period
Secondo Semestre

Training objectives

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 000148 - CHIMICA ORGANICA
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I
The aim of the agricultural chemistry course is to introduce the student to the knowledge of soil constituents and the chemical and chemical-physical processes that take place there. The study of the role of organic matter, the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus and the biogeochemical cycles of essential nutrients for plant nutrition and the evaluation of their bioavailability will be addressed.
Mineral nutrients will analyze the biochemical role and influence on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of production.

Organic Chemistry
The training objectives for the organic chemistry course are focused on the properties and reactivity of the major organic chemistry compound classes and their interactions with biological systems. In particular, students should get acquainted with the concepts listed below.
Preparation, reactivity and nomenclature of alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives (esters, amides, anhydrides, acyl halides, lactones and lactams), aromatic compounds.
Additionally, the following topics will be introduced: nucleophilic substitutions at saturated carbon (SN1 and SN2) as well as elimination reactions (E1 and E2).
Lastly, the course will be further focused on sugars properties and reactivity, in details, for mono and di saccharides; chemical properties and biological interactions of amino acids; chemical properties and biological interactions of DNA bases and basic heterocyclic chemistry and stereochemical aspects.
At the end of the course the students will be able to recognize the main classes of organic compounds and their reactivity, in particular, natural organic compounds such as sugar, amino acid, proteins and DNA bases.

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 72379 - CHIMICA AGRARIA I
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I
The aim of the agricultural chemistry course is to introduce the student to the knowledge of soil constituents and the chemical and chemical-physical processes that take place there. The study of the role of organic matter, the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus and the biogeochemical cycles of essential nutrients for plant nutrition and the evaluation of their bioavailability will be addressed.

Prerequisites

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 000148 - CHIMICA ORGANICA
------------------------------------------------------------
Fundamental concepts of general and inorganic chemistry.

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 72379 - CHIMICA AGRARIA I
------------------------------------------------------------
Fundamental concepts of general and inorganic chemistry.

Course programme

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 000148 - CHIMICA ORGANICA
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I:
Introduction to the basic concepts of pedogenesis and soil formation.
Soil composition: Silicates. Phyllosilicates. Allophane. Oxides and hydroxides. Other non-silicate minerals. Carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds, sulfur compounds, lipids, humic substances. Mineral and organic colloids. Origin of surface charges in colloids. The phases of the soil. Total limestone and active limestone.
Soil properties:
Real and apparent texture. Aggregation status. Formation and stability of aggregates. Porosity. Real and apparent density. Particle size analysis. Physical, chemical and chemical-physical absorption. Mechanism of cationic exchange. Factors influencing cation exchange. Exchange cations. Acid, alkaline, saline soils. Active and exchangeable acidity.
Soil reaction:
Soil pH and its measurement. Acid-base equilibria in the soil. Effect of pH on biological activity and availability of nutrients. The buffering power of the soil. Soil redox potential. Soil organisms and trophic interactions. Soil microorganisms and their role in the nutrient cycle.
The soil nutrient cycle:
The nutrients necessary for the growth of the plant - The nitrogen cycle - Phosphorus and sulfur - Potassium, calcium and magnesium - The concept of bioavailability of nutrients. Influence of radical activity and microorganisms on the bioavailability of macro and micronutrients. Notes on soil pollution. Causes, sources, direct and indirect effects. Environmental risk from agricultural practices: agrochemicals, phosphorus and nitrogen, heavy metals.


Organic Chemistry
Structure and bond. Constitutional isomers. Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry’s acid and bases.
Carbon atoms hybridization. Reactivity, nomenclature and preparation of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and derivatives, Amine and derivatives.
Alkyl halides and the nucleophilic substitution: SN1, SN2, elimination reactions, E1 and E2. Epoxides and ring opening reactions in acidic and basic conditions.
The Zaitsev’s rule and the cis/trans E/Z isomers in alkenes and cycloalkanes. The Markovnikov’s rule and the alcohols elimination.
Aromatic chemistry, electrophilic aromatic substitutions, Huckel’s rule, Friedel and Crafts reactions. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives, the Fischer esterification. Grignard’s reagents and the reactivity of the carbonyl group.
Sugar, structure and functions, the anomeric effect. Amino acids and peptides, peptidic bond. Stereochemistry and R/S rule, geometric and constitutionals isomers. Nucleotides and nucleoside as a DNA bases.

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 72379 - CHIMICA AGRARIA I
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I:
Introduction to the basic concepts of pedogenesis and soil formation.
Soil composition: Silicates. Phyllosilicates. Allophane. Oxides and hydroxides. Other non-silicate minerals. Carbohydrates, nitrogen compounds, phosphorus compounds, sulfur compounds, lipids, humic substances. Mineral and organic colloids. Origin of surface charges in colloids. The phases of the soil. Total limestone and active limestone.
Soil properties:
Real and apparent texture. Aggregation status. Formation and stability of aggregates. Porosity. Real and apparent density. Particle size analysis. Physical, chemical and chemical-physical absorption. Mechanism of cationic exchange. Factors influencing cation exchange. Exchange cations. Acid, alkaline, saline soils. Active and exchangeable acidity.
Soil reaction:
Soil pH and its measurement. Acid-base equilibria in the soil. Effect of pH on biological activity and availability of nutrients. The buffering power of the soil. Soil redox potential. Soil organisms and trophic interactions. Soil microorganisms and their role in the nutrient cycle.
The soil nutrient cycle:
The nutrients necessary for the growth of the plant - The nitrogen cycle - Phosphorus and sulfur - Potassium, calcium and magnesium - The concept of bioavailability of nutrients. Influence of radical activity and microorganisms on the bioavailability of macro and micronutrients. Notes on soil pollution. Causes, sources, direct and indirect effects. Environmental risk from agricultural practices: agrochemicals, phosphorus and nitrogen, heavy metals.

Didactic methods

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 000148 - CHIMICA ORGANICA
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I:
48 hours of lessons with the aid of PowerPoint slides.

Organic Chemistry
The course is arranged in 48 lectures held in classroom, with the use of blackboard, power point presentations and with the aid of 3D models for the molecular orbitals lessons in order to better understand the stereochemical features of the molecules.

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 72379 - CHIMICA AGRARIA I
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I:
48 hours of lessons with the aid of PowerPoint slides.

Learning assessment procedures

The exam consists of two parts, that of Agricultural Chemistry I and that of Organic Chemistry which take place on two different days, with a single final mark averaging the two marks.

Agricultural Chemistry I:
The exam will consist of a written test and any oral test to complete the written test. The evaluation is expressed in thirtieths (minimum score 18). The written test includes 6 questions relating to the main topics covered in the course. The duration of the whole test will be 120 minutes.

Organic Chemistry:
Exam purpose is to check the gaining of objective described above. The exam is a write examination, the duration of the exam will be at least of 30 minutes and it’s composed of 16 th questions. The student gain 2 points for every correct answer to reach at maximum 30 points.

Reference texts

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 000148 - CHIMICA ORGANICA
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I:
Sequi P, Ciavatta C, Miano T. -Fondamenti di chimica del suolo- Patron-Bologna
White Robert E.-Principles and Practice of Soil Science: The Soil as a Natural Resource, 4th Edition-
Wiley-Blackwell

Organic Chemistry:
Introduzione alla chimica organica, W. H. Brown and T. Poon, EDISES

------------------------------------------------------------
Modulo: 72379 - CHIMICA AGRARIA I
------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Chemistry I:
Sequi P, Ciavatta C, Miano T. -Fondamenti di chimica del suolo- Patron-Bologna
White Robert E.-Principles and Practice of Soil Science: The Soil as a Natural Resource, 4th Edition-
Wiley-Blackwell